Neurotoxicity of aluminum and its link to neurodegenerative diseases

Abstract

Aluminum (Al) is the third most abundant element in the earth’s crust. However, because of its specific chemical properties, Al is not essential for life, and it exerts various adverse effects on plants, animals, and humans. In particular, Al is a widely recognized neurotoxin. The association between Al and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease dementia in the Kii Peninsula and Guam has been suspected. However, controversy has persisted for several decades. Based on recent epidemiological, analytical, and toxicological studies, we review the detailed characteristics of Al neurotoxicity and revisit its link to Alzheimer’s disease and other diseases. The daily intake of Al and its bioavailability linked with adverse effects on human health are also described.

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